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Chapter 4 |
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Chapter 4 |
Background Since we are studying life, we must understand the basic components of life. Everything (living & nonliving) on this earth is made of approximately 110 elements. Most of these elements form organic chemicals which are the basic structures of organisms.
I. Inorganic Compounds- compounds that do not contain carbon
A. Water (H2O) is the most abundant inorganic compound in your entire body =70% it is the most abundant inorganic compound that make up organisms.
II. Organic Compounds- compounds that contain carbon (C)
A. CARBOHYDRATES- organic compounds of C, H, O in which the H:O ratio is 2:1
1. Monosaccharides- are the simplest carbohydrates C6H12O6- glucose
2. Sugars are used by the body for energy (all carbohydrates are used as energy)
3. sugar + oxygen-----> energy + carbon dioxide (CO2) +H2OC6H12O6 + O2-----> 36 ATP + CO2 + H2O
4. Dehydration- removing of water
5. Synthesis- putting togetherDehydration Synthesis- putting molecules together by removing water; such as
6. Polymers (macromolecules) of Carbohydrates- which are polysaccharides- long chains of monosaccharides; examples
Glycogen- animals only, not in plants
Starch- plants store excess glucose in this form
Cellulose- found in cell walls of plants
Chitin- special starch that makes up the exoskeleton of an animal, beetle, grasshopper7. Hydro- refers to water
8. lysis- means to splitHydrolysis (or digestion)- breaking down large complex molecules into small simple molecules; this process involves putting the H2O molecule back into the place it was removed from during dehration synthesis, such as
B. LIPIDS- organic compounds of C, H, O; do NOT have 2:1 ratio of H:O
1. Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids are the building blocks for lipids (fats)
2. glycerol- (type of alcohol); fatty acid- a long chain of carbon & hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at one end
3. Saturated Fats- all single bonds between Carbon & Hydrogen
- increase cholesterol levels, can lead to hardening of the arteries, which can cause heart attacks4. Unsaturated Fats
- some have double or triple bonds between Carbon & Hydrogen
- are better for your diet5. Function of Lipids:
a. used to make cell structures [example: cell membrane]
b. stored energy
c. 2 times as much energy in one gram of fat then in one gram of carbohydrate6. Polymers of Lipids- which are long chains combined glycerol + fatty acids
Cholesterol
Steroids
WaxesC. PROTEINS- organic compounds of C, H, O, N; sometimes S
1. basic builing blocks are AMINO ACIDS [20 kinds of amino acids]
2. Protein Synthesis- occurs at ribosomes (organelle inside cell)Dehydration Synthesis- putting molecules together by removing water; such as
amino acid + amino acid ------> dipeptide + water
3. Polymers of Proteins- which are long chains amino acids which are attached by peptide bonds
Hormones- chemical messengers produced by glands, insulin was the first protein to be determined
Antibodies- protect against disease
Pigments (color)- blood, skin, & eyes
Enzymes- enable chemical reations to take place in the body4. Enzymes-
a. speed up chemical reactions WITHOUT being used up so they can work over & over
b. are Organic Catalysts (make it possible for chemical reactions to take place), they are NOT reactants, nor products
c. Substrate- substance enzyme works on, "Lock + Key Method"
d. 3 things that affect enzyme action1. Temperature (37 degrees Celsius = 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit)
2. pH- hydrogen concentration
3. Concentration- of enzymese. enzymes are named by the substate they work on & adding "-ase"
Enzyme Substate maltase maltose sucrase sucrose amylase amylose lipase lipids protease proteins
D. NUCLEIC ACIDS- organic compounds of C, H, O, P
1. basic builing blocks are NUCLEOTIDES which have 3 parts
a. Phosphate group
b. five carbon sugar
c. nitrogenous base2. Polymers of nucleotides are
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- hereditary material
RNA (ribonucleic acid)- 3 types used to make proteins
Below is an excercise that test your knowledge of macromolecules...
Biochemistry Interactive Quizzes
return to Mr. Buono's syllabus